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| CMS-HIN-21-007 ; CERN-EP-2023-011 | ||
| Observation of the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson and suppression of $ \Upsilon $ states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 29 March 2023 | ||
| Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. | ||
| Abstract: The production of $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions is studied in their dimuon decay channel using the CMS detector at the LHC. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions, with a significance above five standard deviations. The ratios of yields measured in PbPb and pp collisions are reported for both the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons, as functions of transverse momentum and PbPb collision centrality. These ratios, when appropriately scaled, are significantly less than unity, indicating a suppression of $ \Upsilon $ yields in PbPb collisions. This suppression increases from peripheral to central PbPb collisions. Furthermore, the suppression is stronger for $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons compared to $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons, extending the pattern of sequential suppression of quarkonium states in nuclear collisions previously seen for the J/$\psi$, $\psi$(2S), $ \Upsilon $(1S), and $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons. | ||
| Links: CDS record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures & Tables | Summary | Additional Figures | References | CMS Publications |
|---|
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Dimuon invariant mass distribution in PbPb collisions, integrated over the full kinematic range $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeVc and $ |y| < $ 2.4. The solid curves show the result of the fit, whereas the orange dashed and blue dash-dotted curves represent the three $ \Upsilon $ states and the background, respectively. The inset shows the region around the mass of the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson. |
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Figure 2:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the $0--90%$ centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In the left plot, the leftmost box at unity represents the pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ combined uncertainties, whereas the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty on the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) pp yields. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-a:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, showing also the $0--90%$ centrality interval. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The leftmost box at unity represents the pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ combined uncertainties, whereas the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty on the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) pp yields. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-b:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity combines the uncertainties of $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the box at unity. |
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Figure 3:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the $0--90%$ centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity in the left plot shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all the points. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-a:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, showing also the $0--90%$ centrality interval. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all the points. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-b:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Centrality intervals and $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ values in PbPb collisions for $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S). |
| Summary |
| In summary, data from PbPb and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV, collected with the CMS detector, were analyzed to measure the yields and nuclear modification factors, $ R_\text{AA} $, of the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions, with a significance above five standard deviations. Dividing the $ \Upsilon $(3S) over $ \Upsilon $(2S) yield ratios in PbPb by those in pp collisions gives the double ratios that quantify the relative modification of the two mesons. Results are shown as functions of $ \Upsilon $ transverse momentum and PbPb collision centrality. Both the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons are suppressed ($ R_\text{AA} < $ 1), with a stronger effect for the $ \Upsilon $(3S). The suppression increases for more central PbPb collisions, whereas no significant dependence on $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ is seen. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) over $ \Upsilon $(2S) double ratios show no significant dependence on $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, indicating that the degree to which the suppression is stronger for the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is constant over the studied $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ region. Combined with previous measurements, these results indicate that the strength of the suppression increases in the sequence $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S). These results provide new constraints on the understanding of the dynamics of quarkonium states in the QGP created in heavy ion collisions. |
| Additional Figures | |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 1:
Dimuon invariant mass distribution in pp collisions, integrated over the full kinematic range $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeVc and $ |y| < $ 2.4. The solid curves show the result of the fit, whereas the orange dashed and blue dash-dotted curves represent the three $ \Upsilon $ states and the background, respectively. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 2:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [9]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 3:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [70]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 4:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [71]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 5:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 6:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [72]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 7:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The two type of bands represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the solid filled bands calculated without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 8:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [70], with the dashed one calculated without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 9:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [9]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 10:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [70]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 11:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 12:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [72]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 13:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [70], with the dashed one calculated without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 14:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and $ \text{PbPb} N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The two type of bands represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the solid filled bands calculated without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 15:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The three different types of bands represent calculations from Ref. [9,70,71,10,72]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 16:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The two bands represent calculations from Ref. [9,70,10,72]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 17:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The orange and blue bands represent calculations from Ref. [70] with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 18:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The red and blue lines represent calculations from Ref. [10] with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 19:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The orange and blue bands represent calculations from Ref. [70] with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 20:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The red band and blue curve represent calculations from Ref. [10] with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component.. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 21:
The nuclear modification factors for various quarkonium mesons as a function of quarkonium binding energy at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s_{NN}}}= $ 5.02 TeV. The values for the binding energy of each quarkonium state are taken from Ref. [73]. The error bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson and charmonium states (J/$\psi$ and $\psi$(2S)) are taken from Refs. [27] and [74], respectively. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 22:
The nuclear modification factors for $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s_{NN}}}= $ 5.02 TeV. The error bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results for pPb collisions and the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Refs. [75] and [27], respectively. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 23:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), $ \Upsilon $(3S), J/$\psi$, and $\psi$(2S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The open and full cross points are the results for J/$\psi$ mesons from Refs. [76] and [74], respectively. Results for $\psi$(2S) mesons are taken from Refs. [24] and [74] for the open and full star points, respectively. |
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